Facebook Privacy Issues and GDPR

Executive
Summary

This report is on the subject of social media platforms. It covers popular social media platforms, social media usage statistics, the history of social media platforms, a brief outline of advantages & disadvantages of social media, the introduction of GDPR, the repercussions of failing to comply with the GDPR, data privacy issues relating to “Facebook”, the use of micro-targeting, & the use of cookies. Some conclusions and recommendations will also be drawn.

Social Media Platforms

Introduction

“Privacy is dead, & social media holds the smoking gun.” (Pete Cashmore, Mashable CEO, 2009). It is 2018, & modern Ireland & is feeling the full effect of this statement. Although made 9 years ago, this statement is very relevant in today’s society, especially with the introduction of General Data Protection Regulations in May of this year.

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Popular Social Media Platforms

Humans are social creatures;
we thrive on social interactions. Social media taps into these primal needs of
human beings. Some of the most popular platforms which take advantage of these
needs include: ‘Facebook’, ‘Instagram’, ‘YouTube’, ‘WhatsApp’, ‘Facebook Messenger’,
‘Twitter’ & ‘Snap Chat’.

Social Media Usage

With approximately 2.6
billion active users, (Statista, 2018), these sites are becoming a major
influence on our contemporized world. They have become an aspect of our
everyday lives, & their presence is becoming ever more prominent. In 2012,
the average daily time spent on social networks by internet users worldwide was
90 minutes, & had grown to 135 minutes by 2017, (Statista, 2017). This
figure has increased year on year, & is projected to continue to increase,
showing a possible climbing dependency on social media platforms.

History of Social Media Platforms

The youth of today have grown up with certain social media platforms, for example, ‘Facebook’ & ‘Snapchat’. Many of this generation do not know what it would be like to be without them. Numerous social media platforms have come & gone prior to those which are popular today.

• 1978
  saw the creation of the first social media. The, ‘Bulletin Board System’ &
  was used to announce meetings & to share information. This marked the
  beginning of virtual communities.
• 19
  years later, ‘Six Degrees’ was launched. This platform was more similar to
  those of today. It had the basics of allowing users to create a profile &
  become friends with other users. The site has been shut down since, but had
  approximately 1 million users at its peak. This was excellent for the time as
  there was very limited access to internet & computers.
• The
  concept of blogging became popular in the late 1990’s, & so ‘Blogger’ &
  ‘LiveJournal’ were created. Users could write, publish, & share their own
  blogs & journals online.
• At
  the start of the millennium, platforms such as, ‘Friendster’, ‘MySpace’, & ‘LinkedIn’
  were launched. Different platforms were created to target different markets,
  for example, ‘LinkedIn’ was created for business oriented users. These
  platforms led to new advancements in user experiences & technology.
  Platforms started to resemble platforms which we are familiar with today.
• From
  2004 onwards, social media networks which are widely recognised today started
  being created.

(DG Traffic, 2018)

Outline of Advantages & Disadvantages of Social Media

Figure 2 :
Advantages & Disadvantages of Social Media (Source : Bilal Ahmad, 2016)

Advantages of Social Media

• Education
  – You can follow anyone to learn from him/her & enhance your knowledge
  about any field, without paying for it.
• Connectivity
  – People from anywhere can connect with anyone. Regardless of the location &
  religion
• Information
  & Updates – You update yourself from the latest happenings around in the
  world through social media.
• Promotion
  – Advertising & promotion expenses for a business can be decreased by
  constantly & regularly involving on social media to connect with the right
  audience.

(Bilal Ahmad, 2016)

Disadvantages of Social Media

• Cyberbullying – Since anyone can create a fake account & do anything without being traced, it has become quite easy for anyone to bully on the Internet.
• Hacking – Personal data & privacy can easily be hacked & shared on the Internet. Which can make financial losses & loss to personal life.
• Addiction – The addiction of social media leads to people getting involved very extensively eventually being cut off from society. 
• Fraud & Scams – The top 5 scams prevalent on social media include: hidden urls, cash grabs, phishing requests, hidden charges & chain letters.
• Security Issues – Now a day’s security agencies have access to personal accounts. You never know when you are visited by any investigation officer regarding any issue that you mistakenly or unknowingly discussed over the internet.

(Bilal Ahmad, 2016

GDPR

“The digital future of Europe can only be built on trust. With solid common standards for data protection, people can be sure they are in control of their personal information,” (Andrus Ansip, vice-president for the Digital Single Market, 2015). On the 25^th of May of this year, new EU regulations were brought into force regarding user’s personal data.

The reforms were given
the name, ‘GDPR’; standing for General Data Protection Regulations.
Essentially, they are new regulations designed to give citizens of the EU more
control over their personal data. These reforms bring laws & obligations,
specifically those around personal data, privacy & consent, across Europe
up to speed for our digital age. (Danny Palmer, 2018)

We are an internet
connected world. Almost everything we do involves the collection of some
personal data. This data is then analysed, & possibly stored. Examples of
personal data include your name, email address, credit card information, IP
address, photos. Under GDPR, organisations have to ensure any personal data
about subjects from the EU will have to be gathered in a strict & legal
fashion. Those who collect & manage this personal data will have to prevent
it from being misused or exploited. The rights of data owners will have to be
recognised & respected, otherwise huge penalties may be incurred. (Danny
Palmer, 2018)

Failure to Comply with GDPR

Failure to comply with GDPR results
in extortionate repercussions.

• The maximum fine amount is 20 million euros, or up to 4% of the company’s annual global turnover; whichever is greater. (www.eugdpr.org , 2018). For social media giants such as, ‘Facebook’, with annual revenues of billions, that 4% represents a tremendous amount of money.
• These fines are assessed by Data Protection Authorities. These are the supervisory authorities in each member state which are appointed to implement & enforce the privacy laws. They are authorised to hear claims brought by data subjects, investigate alleged violations of the regulations, & to institute legal proceedings against violators. They are also required to keep records of their activities, & to publish reports of such activities. (Debra Shinder, 2017)
• The purpose of the GDPR is to protect the privacy of personal data, not to hand out harsh punishments, but if organisations collect any sort of personal information, they cannot afford to ignore it.

Data Privacy Issues Case Study – ‘Facebook’

Corporate giant, ‘Facebook’, has suffered from data breaches & misuse of personal data. Prior to GDPR regulations, they did not receive severe repercussions for violating the rights of data subjects.

In 2014, researcher ‘Aleksandr Kogan’, developed a personality quiz application for ‘Facebook’. Approximately 270,000 users installed this application onto their account. Like any ‘Facebook’ developer at that time, he could access data about those users, & their friends. Instead of immediately deleting this data when the application asked users for it, it was saved onto a private database. Kogan provided that private database to voter profiling company, ‘Cambridge Analytica’. This database contained the information of 50 million users. ‘Cambridge Analytica’ then used this information to make millions of profiles about voters. Facebook were fined $660,000 as a result. (Robinson Meyer, 2018).

This was an obvious &
immense misuse of data. ‘Facebook’ failed to comply with the most fundamental
data protection principle – they were not upfront about what they were doing
with people’s data. ‘Facebook’ were only fined $660,000 for this offense, as it
was the largest possible fine at the time. If GDPR were in place, they would have
faced severe repercussions, not just fined a sum of mere pocket money to them.

On the 28^th
of September 2018, The New York Times reported on another scandal in relation
to ‘Facebook’ & data security. ‘Facebook’ itself released a statement
reporting that an attack on its computer network had exposed the personal data
of 50 million users. The breach was reported as the largest in the company’s
history. (Mike Isaac, Sheera Frankel, 2018)

Attackers exploited a
feature of the platform’s code to gain access to user accounts &
potentially take control of them. 3 software flaws in the system allowed the
intruders to break into user’s accounts, including founder & CEO, Mark
Zuckerberg’s. Once in, attackers could have gained access to hundreds of
applications that offer users a way to log in to their systems through
‘Facebook’. Facebook reported that it fixed the vulnerabilities & notified
law enforcement officials. (Mike Isaac, Sheera Frankel, 2018).

The investigation is
still in its beginning stages, but it is believed that ‘Facebook’ could be
facing a fine of billions a result of the breach & the introduction of
GDPR. It is hoped that potentially severe repercussions caused by not
respecting data regulations may induce social media giants like ‘Facebook’ to
treat data protection issues with more concern.

Micro Targeting

The majority of social media platforms, including, ‘Facebook’, make use of micro targeting in order to provide themselves with a form of revenue, as most of these sites are free for users to join.

According to the Data
Protection Commission (2018), Micro targeting is a form of online targeted
advertising, which analyses user’s personal data. The function of this is to
identify the interests of a specific audience in order to influence their
actions.

For example, if a user
‘likes’ the ‘Facebook’ page of a certain political party, personalised
advertisements relating to that party may come up on the user’s newsfeed. This
works through the use of ‘cookies’.

Cookies

“Cookies are mentioned only once in
the GDPR, but the repercussions are significant for any organisation that uses
them to track users’ browsing activity.” (Luke Irwin, 2017).

Cookies track a user’s
browsing habits, likes, & social interactions across social media
platforms, & the wider internet, to build a profile about that user. This
is how social media platforms tailor advertisements to user’s specific
interests. (Richard Beaumont, 2018)

Under GDPR,
organisations must ask for the user’s consent to operate this. This is the pop
up notification that appears when a user first clicks onto a website. Most
users opt-in to this notification as they wish to make it disappear off the
webpage. A user can limit micro targeting like this through the settings &
account settings on the application or webpage.

Under GDPR, consent to
operate ‘cookies’ must be given through a “clear, affirmative action such as
clicking an opt-in box. If there is no genuine & free choice, then there is
no valid consent. It must be as easy to withdraw consent as it is to give it.
Sites will need an opt out option. Even after getting valid consent, sites must
give users the option to change their minds. Users must always be able to
return to a menu to adjust their preferences”. (Richard Beaumont, 2016).

Cookies track a great
deal of user’s personal data, & so it is important that they are addressed
by GDPR, & the regulations regarding the use of them adhered to &
respected.

Conclusion

Privacy is well & truly deceased, & the eruption of social media platforms is to blame. The need for the introduction of General Data Protection Regulations showcases this, as virtually none of a user’s personal data is held solely by them in today’s world.

Recommendations

In my opinion, data privacy &
internet safety needs to be introduced into school curriculums. As seen by the
history of social media platforms, they are ever expanding & becoming more
complex. The youth of today need to be made aware of the amount of data that is
collected about them, & how to control this data. They also need to be made
aware of the array of disadvantages relating to social media.

Data privacy issues & cases
need to be taken seriously by social media giants, & every case should
result in large fines. New platforms may emerge, resulting in people having a
larger online presence, & so they need to be educated on about matters like
what not to put online.

One should opt out of the use of
cookies where possible, as I believe they track far too many of our online
habits, to the stage where companies may know more about you than some of your
friends. Having an online presence is ever becoming riskier & more intrusive,
but not enough is being done about it.

There are many advantages & disadvantages of social media. In my opinion, the disadvantages outweigh the advantages. We are becoming ever more reliant on platforms, & they are a basic element of many people’s lives nowadays, but when will they become too much?

Bibliography

• Ahmad, Bilal (2016), Techmaish, 10 Advantages & Disadvantages of Social Media for Society, (March 10, 2016) Available at : https://www.techmaish.com/advantages-&-disadvantages-of-social-media-for-society/, (Accessed : 26^th November 2018)
• Beaumont, Richard (2016), Optanon by One Trust, GDPR Compliance Means Cookie Notices Must Change, (November 3, 2016) Available at : https://www.cookielaw.org/blog/2016/11/3/gdpr-compliance-means-cookie-notices-must-change/, (Accessed : 10 November 2018)
• Cashmore, P. (2009), CNN, Privacy is Dead, & Social Media Hold Smoking Gun. (October 28, 2009)Available at : http://edition.cnn.com/2009/OPINION/10/28/cashmore.online.privacy/ (Accessed : 10 November 2018).
• Data Protection Commission (2018), Tailoring Your Social Media Privacy & Advertising Preferences, Available at : https://dataprotection.ie/documents/P&APrefs.pdf, (Accessed 10 November 2018).
• DG Traffic (2018),  DG Traffic, A Brief History of Social Media, (February 18, 2016)Available at : https://www.dgtraffic.com/a-brief-history-of-social-media/ (Accessed : 10 November 2018)
• EU GDPR (2018),  GDPR FAQs, Available at : https://eugdpr.org/the-regulation/gdpr-faqs/ , (Accessed 10 November 2018)
• Irwin, Luke (2017), IT Governance, How the GDPR Affects Cookie Policies, (September 15 2017) Available at : https://www.itgovernance.eu/blog/en/how-the-gdpr-affects-cookie-policies, (Accessed : 10 November 2018)
• Isaac, Mike & Frankel, Sheera (2018), The New York Times, Facebook Security Breach Exposes Accounts of 50 Million Users, (September 28, 2018) Available at : https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/28/technology/facebook-hack-data-breach.html, (Accessed : 10 November 2018)
• Meyer, Robinson (2018), The Atlantic, The Cambridge Analytica Sc&al, in Three Paragraphs, (March 20, 2018) Available at : https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2018/03/the-cambridge-analytica-sc&al-in-three-paragraphs/556046/, (Accessed 10 November 2018)
• Palmer, Danny (2018), ZDNet, What is GDPR? Everything You Need to Know About the New General Data Protection Regulations,(May 23, 2018) Available at : https://www.zdnet.com/article/gdpr-an-executive-guide-to-what-you-need-to-know/ (Accessed 10 November 2018)
• Shinder, Debra (2017), TechTalk, Consequences of Non-compliance With GDPR, (November 23, 2017) Available at : https://techtalk.gfi.com/consequences-of-non-compliance-with-gdpr/, (Accessed : 10 November 2018)
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